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The brand new QBlade v2.0 software is a highly advanced multi-physics code that covers the complete range of aspects required for the aero-servo-hydro-elastic design, prototyping, simulation, and certification of wind turbines.
QBlade allows you to run highly detailed simulations of any wind turbine design, with superior physics models more than 20x faster than real time. All this functionality is made accessible in an intuitive and friendly graphical user interface.
Abstract:Pakistan receives Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI) exceeding 2000 kWh/m²/annum on approximately 83% of its land, which is very suitable for photovoltaic production. This energy can be easily utilized in conjunction with other renewable energy resources to meet the energy demands and reduce the carbon footprint of the country. In this research, a hybrid renewable energy solution based on a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) model is proposed for a university facility. The building in consideration has a continuous flow of water through its water delivery vertical pipelines. A horizontal-axis spherical helical turbine is designed in SolidWorks and is analyzed through a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis in ANSYS Fluent 18.1 based on the K-epsilon turbulent model. Results obtained from ANSYS Fluent have shown that a 24 feet vertical channel with a water flow of 0.2309 m3/s and velocity of 12.66 m/s can run the designed hydroelectric turbine, delivering 168 W of mechanical power at 250 r.p.m. Based on the turbine, a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) comprising photovoltaic and hydroelectric power is modelled and analyzed in HOMER Pro software. Among different architectures, it was found that architecture with hydroelectric and photovoltaic energy provided the best COE of $0.09418.Keywords: hybrid renewable energy system; energy management; nearly Zero Energy Building; optimization; energy efficiency; in-pipe hydro-turbine; computational fluid dynamics
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the obvious tool of choice for simulating flow within a turbine. CFD is a powerful technique that provides an approximate solution to the coupled governing fluid flow equations for mass, momentum and energy transport. The flexibility of the technique makes it possible to solve these equations in very complex spaces, unlike simpler modelling methods that are sometimes used for turbine design.
For these reasons the ability to efficiently utilise parallel processors was a critical requirement in selecting CFD software. Ansys CFX provides parallel operation out of the box on any combination of single or multiple CPU or networked UNIX workstations or Windows NT machines, including mixed UNIX/Windows NT clusters. The software decomposes the grid with virtually no memory overhead on the master processor. Recompiling is not required when the processor configuration changes. CFX also improves the traditional CFD solver performance by solving the full hydrodynamic systems of equations simultaneously across all grid nodes. This technique can provide solutions up to 100x faster than traditional CFD codes while also increasing robustness and reliability, says Ansys. The coupled solver is designed to deliver on all types of problems but is particularly powerful in flows where inter-equation coupling is significant. The GE engineers used a Linux cluster with 16 AMD Athlon processors. The simulations described here were solved in approximately 25 days using four of the processors.
A team of researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, worked with a scale model of a hydraulic turbine. The model simulates a turbine built in 1926, with 4.1m diameter runner, which is owned by Alcan. The original draft tube geometry is of the Moody type. For the purpose of the research project, a specially designed elbow draft tube with one pier replaces the original Moody draft tube.
The flow investigation was carried out under the FLINDT (Flow Investigations in Draft Tube) project framework, coordinated by Prof. F. Avellan, and sponsored by major hydro turbine manufacturers such as Alstom, GE Energy, VA Tech Hydro and Voith Siemens Hydro Power Generation and by Electricité de France.
Water Turbine CFD is an open-source CFD software package and methodology based on the OpenFOAM® software. It was especially created to enable a quick and efficient design optimization of rotating machinery components.
All ongoing FAST developments now take place in OpenFAST. OpenFAST represents a transition to better support an open-source developer community across research laboratories, industry, and academia around FAST-based aero-hydro-servo-elastic engineering models of wind-turbines and wind-plants. OpenFAST aims to provide a solid software-engineering framework for FAST development including well documented source code, extensive automated regression and unit testing, and a robust multi-platform and compiler build system.
The Francis turbine was the first modern hydropower turbine and was invented by British-American engineer James Francis in 1849. A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed blades, usually nine or more. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it which then falls through, causing the blades to spin. Besides the runner, the other major components include a scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube. Francis turbines are commonly used for medium- to high-head (130- to 2,000-foot) situations though they have been used for lower heads as well. Francis turbines work well in both horizontal and vertical orientations.
Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water rather than the potential energy from the head. The systems can operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Because kinetic systems utilize a water stream's natural pathway, they do not require diversion of water through man-made channels, riverbeds, or pipes, although they might have applications in such conduits. Kinetic systems do not require large civil works because they can use existing structures, such as bridges, tailraces, and channels.
The Pelton turbine was invented by American inventor Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s, A Pelton wheel has one or more free jets discharging water into an aerated space and impinging on the buckets of a runner. Pelton turbines are generally used for very high heads and low flows. Draft tubes are not required for an impulse turbine because the runner must be located above the maximum tailwater to permit operation at atmospheric pressure.
The original cross-flow turbine was designed by Anthony Michell, an Austrian engineer, in the early 1900s. Later, Donát Bánki, a Hungarian engineer, improved upon it, and it was improved even further by German engineer Fritz Ossberger. A cross-flow turbine is drum-shaped and uses an elongated, rectangular section nozzle directed against curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped runner. It resembles a "squirrel cage" blower. The cross-flow turbine allows water to flow through the blades twice. On the first pass, water flows from outside of the blades to the inside; the second pass goes from the inside back out. A guide vane at the entrance to the turbine directs the flow into a limited portion of the runner. The cross-flow turbine was developed to accommodate larger water flows and lower heads than the Pelton can handle.
Which turbine is the best choice for a HPP? Should it be a Francis, a Pelton, a Kaplan, an Archimedes screw, a Cross flow, or a PAT (pump as turbine)? What are the fundamental dimensions of a hydro turbine, its weight, its efficiency?
Providing the hydraulic head (H) and the nominal expected flow rate of the plant (Q), HPP design is able to find a range of suitable turbines and to address the user to the best solution according to the specific framework of the plant.
HPP-design can also be used as a testing tool, for example to see if the size of the powerhouse is correct or to evaluate a revamping or repowering of the plant. Or if the assumed efficiency curve suits the turbine you chose. Also, you can find the mechanical specification to verify your project.
The earliest known water turbines date to the Roman Empire. Two helix-turbine mill sites of almost identical design were found at Chemtou and Testour, modern-day Tunisia, dating to the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. The horizontal water wheel with angled blades was installed at the bottom of a water-filled, circular shaft. The water from the mill-race entered the pit tangentially, creating a swirling water column which made the fully submerged wheel act like a true turbine.[1]
Johann Segner developed a reactive water turbine (Segner wheel) in the mid-18th century in Kingdom of Hungary. It had a horizontal axis and was a precursor to modern water turbines. It is a very simple machine that is still produced today for use in small hydro sites. Segner worked with Euler on some of the early mathematical theories of turbine design. In the 18th century, a Dr. Robert Barker invented a similar reaction hydraulic turbine that became popular as a lecture-hall demonstration.[3] The only known surviving example of this type of engine used in power production, dating from 1851, is found at Hacienda Buena Vista in Ponce, Puerto Rico.[4]
In 1849, James B. Francis improved the inward flow reaction turbine to over 90% efficiency. He also conducted sophisticated tests and developed engineering methods for water turbine design. The Francis turbine, named for him, is the first modern water turbine. It is still the most widely used water turbine in the world today. The Francis turbine is also called a radial flow turbine, since water flows from the outer circumference towards the centre of runner.
Inward flow water turbines have a better mechanical arrangement and all modern reaction water turbines are of this design. As the water swirls inward, it accelerates, and transfers energy to the runner. Water pressure decreases to atmospheric, or in some cases subatmospheric, as the water passes through the turbine blades and loses energy. 2b1af7f3a8
